High rate charging will cause lithium precipitation at the negative electrode of the energy storage battery,which may induce thermal runaway of the battery and lead to safety accidents. The lithium precipitation side reaction is directly related to the negative electrode potential of the battery,and the negative electrode potential can be accurately predicted by the model and transmitted to the energy storage battery management system to adjust the charging conditions,which can effectively suppress the negative electrode lithium precipitation. Therefore,an on-line control technology is proposed for safe charging of energy storage batteries based on the simplified pseudo two-dimensional (SP2D) model. Firstly,some partial differential equations in the pseudo two-dimensional (P2D) model are reduced and simplified to establish the SP2D model. Different methods are also used to obtain the corresponding model parameters. Secondly,the model is validated using experimental data of terminal voltage and negative potential,and the validation results show that the model has high accuracy under different multiplier constant current conditions. The results show that the battery reaches the cutoff voltage of 4.3 V after 1 895 s charging,and the negative potential is in the range of lithium-free safety potential during the charging process. Finally,the simulated charging strategy is verified by cycling and disassembling,and the results show that the proposed charging method can realize the safe charging of the battery without lithium precipitation.