To address the issues of poor dynamic response and insufficient robustness in virtual synchronous generator (VSG) during grid connection, closing, or system disturbances, an improved fuzzy adaptive control strategy for VSG disturbance optimization is proposed. Firstly, a small-signal model of traditional VSG control is established to analyze the influence mechanism of moment of inertia and damping coefficient on the system disturbance response. Furthermore, combining the power-angle curve and frequency characteristic curve of VSG during disturbances, adaptive adjustment rules for the moment of inertia and damping coefficient are constructed. On this basis, the membership functions and control rule base of the fuzzy controller are designed, and the parameter adjustment mechanism of the fuzzy controller is established. A universe scaling factor is further introduced to achieve dynamic adjustment of the fuzzy universe. Finally, a single VSG grid-connected model is built on the MATLAB/Simulink simulation platform. The simulation results show that the proposed control strategy can effectively suppress power oscillations and improve the adaptability of VSG during load disturbances, frequency fluctuations, and grid connection/closing stages.